Today, the view from the Takarkori rock shelter in southwestern Libya is of endless sandy dunes and barren rock, but 7,000 years ago, this region of the Sahara Desert was a far lusher, hospitable place. Now, scientists aiming to understand the origins of inhabitants of the “green Sahara” say they have managed to recover the first whole genomes — detailed genetic information — from the remains of two women buried at Takarkori. In the distant past, the area was a verdant savanna with trees, permanent lakes and rivers that supported large animals such as hippopotamuses and elephants. It was also home to early human communities, including 15 women and children archaeologists found buried at the rock shelter, that lived off fish and herded sheep and goats. “We started with these two (skeletons) because they are very well-preserved — the skin, ligaments, tissues,” said Savino di Lernia, coauthor of the new study published Wednesday in the journal Nature. The findings mark the first time archaeologists have managed to sequence whole genomes from human remains found in such a hot and arid environment, said di Lernia, an associate professor of African archaeology and ethnoarchaeology at Sapienza University of Rome. The genomic analysis yielded surprises for the study team, revealing that the inhabitants of the green Sahara were a previously unknown and long-isolated population that had likely occupied the region for tens of thousands of years. Mummies reveal secrets of the Sahara’s past Excavation of the Takarkori rock shelter, reachable only by a four-wheel drive vehicle, started in 2003, with the two female mummies among the first finds. “We found the first mummy on the second day of the excavation,” di Lernia recalled. “We scratched the sand and found the mandible.” The small community that made its home at the rock shelter possibly migrated there with humankind’s first big push out of Africa more than 50,000 years ago. Study coauthor Harald Ringbauer said it was unusual to encounter such an isolated genetic ancestry, especially compared with Europe, where there was much more mixing. Ringbauer is a researcher and group leader of archaeogenetics at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, which has pioneered techniques to receive genetic material from old bones and fossils. This genetic isolation, the authors of the study reasoned, suggested the region likely wasn’t a migration corridor that linked sub-Saharan Africa to Northern Africa despite the Sahara’s hospitable conditions at the time. Past analyses of cave paintings and animal remains found at archaeological sites across the Sahara have suggested its inhabitants were pastoralists who herded sheep, goats or cattle, prompting some researchers to hypothesize the herders spread from the Near East where farming originated. However, such migration was unlikely, given the genetic isolation of the Takarkori group, the authors of the new report suggested. Instead, the study team hypothesized, pastoralism was adopted via a process of cultural exchange, such as interaction with other groups that already raised domesticated animals. “We know now that they were isolated in terms of genetics, but not in cultural terms. There’s a lot of networks that we know from several parts of the continent, because we have pottery coming from sub-Saharan Africa. We have pottery coming from the Nile Valley and the like,” di Lernia said. “They had this kind of lineage, which is quite ancestral, (which) points to some kind of Pleistocene legacy, which needs to be explored,” he said, referring to the time period that came to an end around 11,000 years ago before the current Holocene Epoch. Louise Humphrey, a research leader at the Natural History Museum’s Centre for Human Evolution Research in London, said she agreed with the study’s findings: The Takarkori people were largely genetically isolated for thousands of years, and that pastoralism in this region was established through cultural diffusion, rather than the replacement of one population with another. “DNA extracted from two pastoralist women who were buried at the rock shelter around 7,000 years ago reveals that most of their ancestry can be traced to a previously unknown ancient North African genetic lineage,” Humphrey said. She wasn’t involved in the research but has worked at Taforalt cave in eastern Morocco, where 15,000-year-old hunter-foragers were buried. “Future research integrating archaeological and genomic evidence is likely to yield further insights into human migrations and cultural change in this region,” Humphrey said. Christopher Stojanowski, a bioarchaeologist and professor at Arizona State University, said one of the study’s more interesting findings was the “inference of a moderately large population size and no evidence of inbreeding.” “That there was little evidence of inbreeding suggests a degree of movement and connection that is also somewhat at odds with the idea of a long-term, disconnected Green Sahara population,” Stojanowski, who wasn’t involved in the study, added. Ancient DNA recovery is rare Experts have studied the skeletons and artifacts unearthed at the site over the years, but attempts to recover DNA from the remains proved elusive. In 2019, scientists were able to recover mitochondrial DNA, which traces the maternal line, but obtaining this DNA didn’t paint the full picture, Ringbauer said. “A couple of years ago, the samples made their way to Leipzig, because we have continuously fine-tuned new methods over the last years to make more out of a very tiny amount of DNA … and the samples had very little DNA,” said Ringbauer, who uses computation tools to analyze genetic data. Ancient DNA is often fragmented and contaminated. It preserves best in cool environments, not the extreme temperature swings of the world’s largest hot desert. However, Ringbauer and his colleagues at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology were able to extract enough DNA from the two mummies to sequence their genomes, a more complete set of genetic material that allowed geneticists to piece together information about a population’s ancestry, not just that of an individual. “The whole genome carries the DNA for many of your ancestors,” Ringbauer said. “As you go along the genome, you start seeing the different trees of your ancestors. One genome carries the stories of many.”
Ancient DNA sheds light on origins of 7,000-year-old Saharan mummies
TruthLens AI Suggested Headline:
"New Genomic Analysis Reveals Unique Ancestry of 7,000-Year-Old Saharan Mummies"
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TruthLens AI Summary
The Takarkori rock shelter in southwestern Libya, now a barren landscape, was once part of a lush savanna 7,000 years ago, supporting human communities and diverse wildlife. Recent research has successfully sequenced the entire genomes of two well-preserved female mummies from this site, marking a significant breakthrough in understanding the genetic heritage of the Sahara's ancient inhabitants. The area, previously characterized by lakes and rivers, was a home to early humans who engaged in fishing and pastoralism. The study, led by researchers including Savino di Lernia from Sapienza University of Rome, reveals that these mummies belong to a long-isolated population, distinct from other known groups, and suggests that they inhabited the region for tens of thousands of years. This genetic isolation was unexpected, especially in contrast to European populations that have experienced more genetic mixing over time. The findings challenge previous assumptions regarding migration patterns and cultural exchanges in the region, indicating that the development of pastoralism was likely a result of cultural diffusion rather than population replacement from other regions.
The excavation at the Takarkori site, which began in 2003, uncovered evidence that the small community may have migrated from Africa's early population waves over 50,000 years ago. The study's coauthor, Harald Ringbauer from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, noted the rarity of such isolated genetic lineages. Louise Humphrey from the Natural History Museum also supports the conclusion that the Takarkori people maintained a distinct genetic identity while still engaging in cultural exchanges with neighboring regions, as indicated by the presence of pottery from diverse areas of Africa. Furthermore, the research uncovered a moderately large population size with little evidence of inbreeding, suggesting connections beyond the isolated community. Despite the challenges of extracting DNA from remains in such a hot environment, the advancement of genetic sequencing techniques has provided a more comprehensive understanding of human ancestry and migration patterns in the Sahara, paving the way for future studies that integrate archaeological and genomic data to further explore cultural changes in this historically rich region.
TruthLens AI Analysis
The recent discovery of ancient DNA from 7,000-year-old Saharan mummies provides fascinating insights into the history of human populations in the Sahara Desert. This groundbreaking research not only reveals the existence of a previously unknown population but also sheds light on the environmental conditions of the region in the distant past.
Purpose of the Publication
The aim behind publishing this article appears to be to highlight significant advancements in archaeological science and the understanding of human history. By showcasing the recovery of entire genomes from ancient remains, the article elevates the importance of interdisciplinary research in revealing past human life, which could foster greater public interest in archaeology and genetics.
Public Perception and Impact
The narrative constructed around the discovery may create a sense of awe and curiosity regarding ancient civilizations and their lifestyles. It serves to spark interest in human evolution and the adaptability of early populations to changing environments. The article likely aims to inspire discussions about humanity's origins and the interconnectedness of various populations over time.
Potential Concealment of Information
While the article focuses on the genomic discovery and its implications, it does not delve into the broader socio-political contexts that may be relevant, such as the current state of archaeological funding or the ongoing challenges faced by indigenous communities in the Sahara. The omission of these aspects could lead to a lack of awareness about contemporary issues that resonate with the historical findings.
Manipulation Assessment
The article maintains a high degree of credibility, primarily presenting factual information related to the research findings. Although it does evoke an emotional response by referencing the lush past of the Sahara, it does not appear to engage in manipulative tactics such as targeting specific groups or promoting a particular agenda.
Reliability of Information
The information presented is based on scientific research published in a reputable journal, which enhances its reliability. The authors’ expertise in the field and the significance of sequencing genomes from such an inhospitable environment lend further credibility to the findings.
Societal and Economic Implications
The discovery may stimulate interest in archaeological tourism in Libya, potentially leading to economic opportunities in the region. Additionally, it could influence academic funding and research priorities, encouraging further exploration of prehistoric human life in North Africa.
Community Engagement
This research is likely to resonate more with academic and scientific communities, particularly those interested in genetics, archaeology, and anthropology. The article aims to engage readers who are curious about human history and the evolution of civilizations.
Market Impact
While the immediate impact on stock markets may be minimal, companies involved in biotechnology, genetic research, or archaeological tourism might find relevance in this discovery. The findings could lead to increased investment in related fields, especially if they highlight the potential for further discoveries in ancient human genetics.
Geopolitical Relevance
The findings may not have direct implications for current geopolitical dynamics; however, they can contribute to a broader understanding of human migration patterns out of Africa, which has historical significance in discussions about global demographics and cultural exchanges.
Artificial Intelligence Involvement
It is possible that AI tools were used in analyzing genomic data or in the publication process. However, the narrative appears to be predominantly human-written, focusing on the storytelling aspect of the archaeological findings rather than on algorithmically generated content.
This analysis indicates that the article is a credible presentation of significant archaeological research, aimed at fostering public interest in ancient human populations and their environments. The focus remains on the scientific findings without direct manipulation or misinformation.