TheUS supreme courton Thursday blocked a bid led by two Catholic dioceses to establish in Oklahoma the nation’s first taxpayer-funded religious charter school in a major case involving religious rights in American education.
The 4-4 ruling left intact a lower court’s decision that blocked the establishment of St Isidore of Seville Catholic virtual school. The lower court found that the proposed school would violate the US constitution’s first amendment limits on government involvement in religion.
Conservative justice Amy Coney Barrett recused herself from the case, leaving eight justices rather than the full slate of nine to decide the outcome. Barrett is a former professor at Notre Dame Law School, which represents the school’s organizers.
When the supreme court is evenly divided, the lower court’s decision stands. The justices did not provide a rationale for their action in the unsigned ruling.
Set up as alternatives to traditional public schools, charter schools typically operate under private management and often feature small class sizes, innovative teaching styles or a particular academic focus. Charter schools are considered public schools underOklahomalaw and draw funding from the state government.
St Isidore, planned as a joint effort by the Catholic Archdiocese of Oklahoma City and Diocese of Tulsa, would offer virtual learning from kindergarten through high school. Its plan to integrate religion into its curriculum would make it the first religious charter school in the United States. The proposed school has never been operational amid legal challenges to its establishment.
The case explored the tension between the two religion clauses of the US constitution’s first amendment. Its “establishment clause” prohibits the government from establishing or endorsing any particular religion or promoting religion over nonreligion. Its “free exercise” clause protects the right to practice one’s religion freely, without government interference.
Oklahoma’s Republican attorney general, Gentner Drummond, sued in October 2023 to block St Isidore in a legal action filed at the Oklahoma supreme court, saying he was duty bound to “prevent the type of state-funded religion that Oklahoma’s constitutional framers and the founders of our country sought to prevent.” Republican Oklahoma governor Kevin Stitt backed the proposed school, as did Donald Trump’s administration.
Opponents have said religious charter schools would force taxpayers to support religious indoctrination. Establishing them also could undermine nondiscrimination principles, they argued, because religious charter schools might seek to bar employees who do not adhere to doctrinal teachings.
Organizers estimated in 2023 that St Isidore would cost Oklahoma taxpayers up to $25.7m over its first five years in operation.
The Oklahoma charter school board in June 2023 approved the plan to create St Isidore in a 3-2 vote.
Oklahoma’s top court in a 6-2 ruling last year blocked the school. It classified St Isidore as a “governmental entity” that would act as “a surrogate of the state in providing free public education as any other state-sponsored charter school”.
That court decided that the proposal ran afoul of the establishment clause. The first amendment generally constrains the government but not private entities.
St Isidore, the court wrote, would “require students to spend time in religious instruction and activities, as well as permit state spending in direct support of the religious curriculum and activities within St Isidore – all in violation of the establishment clause”.
School board officials and St Isidore argued in supreme court papers that the Oklahoma court erred by deeming St Isidore an arm of the government rather than a private organization. They argued that the government had not delegated a state duty to St Isidore merely by contracting with it, and that the school would function largely independently of the government.
They also argued that Oklahoma’s refusal to establish St Isidore as a charter school solely because it is religious is discrimination under the first amendment’s free exercise clause.
The supreme court has recognized broader religious rights in a series of rulings in recent years.
It ruled in a Missouri case in 2017 that churches and other religious entities cannot be flatly denied public money based on their religious status – even in states whose constitutions explicitly ban such funding.
In 2020, it endorsed Montana tax credits that helped pay for students to attend religious schools. In 2022, it backed two Christian families in their challenge to Maine’s tuition-assistance program that had excluded private religious schools.